播期和播量对橘园间作下山黧豆产量及农艺性状的影响

在橘园间作条件下,采用裂区试验设计,经连续两年试验,研究了不同播种期、播种量对豆科绿肥山黧豆(Lath yrus sativus)鲜草产量、种子产量及农艺性状的影响.结果表明,1)播期、播量对山黧豆鲜草和种子产量均有显著影响(P＜0.05),播量影响大于播期;2)山黧豆的鲜草和种子产量随播期推迟显著降低(P＜0.05),9月20日播种的鲜草产量最高,达29 406.0 kg·hm-2,种子产量则以9月30日播种的最高,为1 616.1 kg·hm-2.早播(9月播种)时,株高、单株分枝数、单株根瘤数、结实率和千粒重等农艺性状均优于晚播(10月播种);3)播量为45.0 kg·hm-2时,其鲜草和种子产量均最高,拯种量过大对产量和农艺性状均有负向作用.综上,山黧豆在四川西充与橘园间作下的适宜播种期在9月,最佳播种量为45.0 kg·hm-2.     

Effect of different levels of raw and heated grass pea seed (Lathyrus sativus) on nutrient digestibility,intestinal villus morphology and growth performance of broiler chicks

This study aimed to investigate chemical composition and effect of different levels (0%, 10% and 20%) of raw grass pea (RGP) and heat‐treated (120 °C for 30 min) grass pea seed (HGP) on nutrient digestibility, dressing percentage, relative internal organ weights, intestinal villous morphology and broiler chicks' performance. A total number of 200 day‐old male chicks were raised under similar condition for 10 days. On day 11, chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments and four replicates of 10 birds each. The result of chemical analysis indicated that Iranian grass pea seed has low levels of total and condensed tannin, and it may be considered as a good source of protein (36.1%) and energy (17.09 kJ GE/g). Heat treatment reduced (p < 0.05) the total and condensed tannin to 21% and 78% respectively. Grass peas seed had higher levels of nitrogen‐free extract, P, Na, Mg and Zn than soya bean meal. The apparent digestibility of gross energy and lipid was affected (p < 0.01) by the treatment diets, and it was the lowest after feeding 20% of HGP (p < 0.05). The relative weight of breast and pancreas (p < 0.05) was affected by treatments. Percentage weight of breast and pancreas increased (p < 0.05) after feeding high levels (20%) of RGP and HGP. Substitution of 20% of RGP and HGP increased the duodenal crypt depth (p < 0.05); however, it had no suppressive effect on villus height as the absorptive surface of intestine. The feed conversion ratio was not affected by the treatments in the total experimental period. This study showed that, although the high level of grass pea seed caused a remarkable increase in the relative weight of pancreas and decreased the apparent digestibility of gross energy and lipid, it had beneficial effect on breast relative weight. It seems that heat processing is not effective method for improving quality of Iranian grass pea seed.     

Molecular marker analysis of genetic variation characterizing a grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) collection from central Italy

Levels of genetic similarity characterizing 20 grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) populations collected in central Italy (17 populations in the Marche region and three populations in the Abruzzo region) were analysed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. Two main clusters were found: one included large‐seeded populations from farms that were not market‐oriented (named Household populations) and the second, small‐seeded populations, cultivated in market‐oriented farms (named Commercial populations). Relationships among populations collected in different regions were found, although one population of the Abruzzo region was placed between the two main clusters, suggesting a possible further genetic differentiation within this grasspea germplasm collection. Principal component analysis based on AFLP marker frequency was effective in identifying polymorphic markers showing high discriminating ability between clusters H and C. In particular, seven markers showing high positive and three markers with low negative PC1 scores showed an almost cluster‐specific distribution. These results will be useful for enhancing Italian grasspea germplasm use in plant‐breeding programmes and for extending grasspea cultivation within the sustainable agricultural systems of central Italy.     

绿肥翻压与氮肥减施对水稻产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

为探明绿肥山黧豆种植翻压下减量施用化学氮肥的潜力,通过3年田间定位试验,设置冬闲+100% N肥（常规施肥,CK）、山黧豆+60% N肥（GM+N60）、山黧豆+70% N肥（GM+N70）、山黧豆+80% N肥（GM+N80）、山黧豆+不施肥（GM）和冬闲+不施肥（NF）共6个处理,研究不同处理对水稻产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,山黧豆与氮肥减量配施能提高水稻产量,GM+N70和GM+N80处理显著提高水稻产量,分别增产13.84%和7.25%;且能提高稻米糙米率、精米率、整精米率和蛋白质含量,降低垩白度及垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量。其中,GM+N70处理的整精米率最高,为78.02%,垩白粒率最低,为18.11%;GM+N80处理的直链淀粉含量最低,为14.26%。山黧豆与氮肥减量配施能明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,对土壤有效磷含量无显著影响。综上,种植翻压山黧豆与氮肥减量20%~30%配施有利于提高水稻产量、品质及土壤肥力,为构建四川稻区山黧豆种植翻压还田后科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。     

松嫩草地五脉山黧豆地上生育规律及生物量的比较研究

试验研究了松嫩草地不同生境和密度下五脉山黧豆地上部生育规律和生物量。结果表明:人工栽培五脉山黧豆植株比野生植株具有较大的株高、分枝长度、分枝数和生物量。其中,人工一年生种群株高和单株生物量比野生植株平均增加了19.1 cm和11.66 g。野生种群植株不同密度间个体生长的差异不显著(P>0.05);人工种群植株不同密度间个体生长差异显著(P<0.05),体现了密度制约的效应。人工二年生种群植株比一年生植株有较大的密度竞争压力,在生物量等方面比一年生种群植株小。     

Growth Analysis, Herbage and Seed Yield of Certain Forage Legume Species Under Rainfed Conditions

The need to increase forage production for the growing livestock population in the Mediterranean region necessitates the evaluation of various promising forage species with respect to maximum herbage yield, optimum time for harvest and seed yield. Seven forage legumes, woolly pod vetch ( Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa accession 683), narbon vetch (V. narbonensis accession 67), common vetch ( V. sativa selections 2541, 2037, 2020), common chickling ( Lathyrus sativus selection 439) and ochrus chickling ( L. ochrus selection 104) were compared over two years with contrasting rainfall. In both years the entries were sown in November and their primary growths sampled periodically during growth. For each sample, phenology, total dry matter, leaf area index (LAI) and, at maturity, total dry matter, seed yield and harvest index, were recorded.
In both seasons, narbon vetch attained the highest dry matter and seed yields, and there was very limited variability in the maximum dry matter yield of the other entries. In general, the maximum dry matter occurred at 20–50 % podding in woolly pod vetch, 100 % podding in common vetch selection 2541 (local), narbon vetch and common chickling and at maturity in common vetch selection 2037, selection 2020 and ochrus chickling.
Throughout the vegetative to early flowering stages, woolly pod vetch had the highest dry matter yield and LAI. Possible uses of each species as animal feed are discussed.     

山黧豆低毒品种的筛选及栽培利用技术研究

对国内外引进的６５个山黧豆品种，经３年观察和农艺性状的测定以及β－草酰氨基丙酸（ＢＯＡＡ）、营养成分的分析，筛选出产量，蛋白质含量高，毒素含量低，经毒理学实验为安全饲用的黑龙江山黧豆－１，黑龙江山黧豆－２，西德山黧豆３个品种供生产中应用，还针对山黧豆作为饲草（料）推广应用中的播种量，磷肥施用量，压青及根茬肥效等栽培利用措施进行了探讨。     

The Influence of Day Length on Plant and Nodule Development of Fababeans (Vicia faba L.) and Grasspeas (Lathyrus sativus L.)

The valuation of the influence of different day length (DL) on plant and especially nodule development of fababeans ( Vicia faba L.) and grasspeas ( Lathyrus sativus L.) was the aim of these experiments. For that, experiments in growth chambers (Exp. 1) with DL of 10, 13, 16 and 19 hours and an experiment in vegetation boxes (Exp. 2) with DL of 7, 10, 13 hours and natural DL as control (CON) were conducted. The development of plants was studied by 6 and 7 harvests (HA) respectively beginning at 27 and 31 days after emergence (DAE) respectively, as well as consecutive determinations of leaf area, dry matter (DM) of the different plant organs and nodule number.
Total- and pod-DM of both species increased with higher DL (19 h, CON). Nodule-DM was positive influenced by longer assimilation duration and bigger leaf areas of the higher DL treatments. With onset of pod ripening, which occurred early under higher DL, lower nodule-DM was determined due to the beginning of nodule senescence. Under 19 h DL the fababeans established highest nodule-DM, 1,100 mg/plant, whereas the grasspea 410 mg only. Nodules under shorter DL (7 h, 10 h) showed less intensive red tissue and less nodules > 6 mm diameter. The grasspea established more bigger nodules than the fababeans. Total nodule number was not unequivocal affected by DL, however, it increased with the course of vegetation. Senescence of nodules was most evident at time of highest growth rates of the pod-DM.     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.